A preliminary assessment of the Survey of the Gaelic :: Scottish Gaelic dialectology

Scottish Gaelic dialectology: A starter evaluation of the Survey of the Gaelic Vernaculars of Scotland Somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1997, the interpreted polls of the Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland were distributed as a five-volume arrangement (O Dochartaigh 1994- 97), introducing limited phonetic interpretations of more than 200 speakers reacting to a fortypage survey. This distribution denotes the finish of an undertaking of about fifty years’ length; the principle body of the meetings occurred somewhere in the range of 1950 and 1970 across a great part of the Scottish terrain just as the Western Isles. Much of the time, a few of the absolute last Gaelic speakers in a specific district were met, and we in this way have deciphered materialâ€and some sound recordingsâ€of tongues that are currently essentially wiped out. Normally, the notable nature of these deciphered and sound records renders them even more significant for close examination. This paper will survey the present status of Scottish Gaelic tongue study, with a specific spotlight on the Survey’s current and future commitments. Planned in 1950 by Kenneth Jackson to inspire information advising phonetic and phonological inquiries regarding both provincial and chronicled intrigue, the first Survey concentrated on articulation variety, giving constrained data on morphology (despite the fact that see particularly O Maolalaigh1999), and for all intents and purposes none on syntactic variety or lexical decision. With the distribution of the Survey’s â€Å"raw data† as unanalyzed restricted translations, it is fitting presently to determine what we can gain from the distributed material. Be that as it may, in the around a long time since the hands on work for the Survey was started, strategies, objectives, and standards of vernacular investigation have changed significantly (cf. Kretzschmar 1996); besides, propels in media advances have empowered etymologists to investigate and to introduce information in convincing new manners (cf. Kretzschmar and Konopka 1996). Lately there has been a significant move towards an order wide concession to â€Å"best practices† for tongue study, language information the executives, and the introduction of information and examination (cf. â€Å"Methods XI† Conference on Methods in Dialectology, August 2002, Joensuu, Finland; the E-MELD site and associated work; the Linguistic Data Archiving Project at CNRS, and so on). The introduction will close with a conversation of desiderata for Scottish Gaelic tongue study, and for the introduction also, investigation of Gaelic tongue information.

Why we are essays

Why we are articles George Washington was one of the establishing fathers of the United States of America. He thought about this nation much like a parent would think about a youngster. During his administration, he tackled numerous significant issues. His accomplishments prompted a law based, superb nation we like to call: The United States of America. Despite the fact that hes not thought of as glitzy, George Washington is viewed with the most extreme regard and wonderment by all nations of the world. Washington strolled temperamentally on the unknown ground of the administration and was uncertain of him self as he started the new duties of his office. He had the assistance of just a couple of authorities. Additionally, he and the Vice-President were the main leaders of the official branch. George Washington was the main president to be chosen collectively. He was the main president introduced in two urban communities: New York and Philadelphia. He never lived in DC, in spite of the fact that he was k een on the development of the city and purchased property in DC. americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp Washington accepted that the official, authoritative, and legal branches ought to have a huge hole between them. He additionally accepted that the president ought not impact Congress in the death of laws. In any case, on the off chance that he doesn't concur with a specific bill, he has the intensity of vetoing it He filled in as president of the Continental armed force during the Revolutionary War, and later filled in as the main leader of the United States. His musings and thoughts helped shape the United States into the incredible nation that it is today. George Washington was conceived on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the oldest child of Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington. http://sc94.ameslab.gov/visit/gwash.html He got no conventional training, yet he read geology, military history, farming, deportment, and piece. Washington later built up an incredible and persuading styl... <!

The Great Trade Collapse: What Caused It and What Does It Mean

The incredible exchange breakdown: What caused it and I'm not catching it's meaning? Richard Baldwin 27 November 2009 World exchange encountered an unexpected, extreme, and synchronized breakdown in late 2008 †the most keen in written history and most profound since WWII. This digital book †composed for the world's exchange pastors gathering for the WTO's Trade Ministerial in Geneva †presents the financial aspects calling's gotten shrewdness on the breakdown. Two dozen sections, composed by driving market analysts from over the globe, sum up the most recent research on the reasons for the breakdown just as its results and the possibilities for recovery.According to the rising agreement, the breakdown was brought about by the unexpected, extreme and all inclusive synchronized deferment of buys, particularly of solid customer and speculation products (and their parts and segments). The effect was enhanced by â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† imp acts in which global flexibly chains assumed a focal job. The â€Å"great exchange collapse† happened between the second from last quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. Signs are that it has finished and recuperation has started, however it was colossal †the steepest fall of world exchange written history and the most profound fall since the Great Depression.The drop was unexpected, serious, and synchronized. A couple of realities legitimize the name: The Great Trade Collapse. It was extreme and abrupt Global exchange has dropped before †multiple times since WWII †however this is by a wide margin the biggest. As Figure 1 shows, worldwide exchange succumbed to at any rate seventy five percent during three of the overall downturns that have happened since 1965 †the oil-stun downturn of 1974-75, the swelling overcoming downturn of 1982-83, and the Tech-Wreck downturn of 2001-02.Specifically: †¢The 1982 and 2001 drops were similarly gentle, with development from the past year’s quarter coming to - 5% and no more. †¢The 1970s occasion was twice that size, with development staggering to - 11%. †¢Today breakdown is a lot of more terrible; for two quarters in succession, world exchange streams have been 15% beneath their earlier year levels. The OECD has month to month information on its members’ genuine exchange for as far back as 533 months; the 7 greatest month-on-month drops among the 533 all happened since November 2008 (see the section by Sonia Araujo and Joaquim Oliveira).Figure 1 The extraordinary exchange breakdown verifiable point of view, 1965 †2009 Source: OECD Quarterly genuine exchange information. The incredible exchange breakdown isn't as extensive as that of the Great Depression, yet it is a lot more extreme. It took two years in the Great Depression for world exchange to fall the extent that it fell in the 9 months from November 2008 (Figure 2). The most recent information in the figure (still fairly primer) recommends a recuperation is in progress. Figure 2 The incredible exchange breakdown versus the Great Depression Source: Eichengreen and O’Rourke (2009), in view of CPB online information for latest.It was synchronized †¢All 104 countries on which the WTO reports information encountered a drop in the two imports and fares during the second 50% of 2008 and the principal half of 2009. †¢Figure 3 shows how imports and fares crumbled for the EU27 and 10 different countries that together record for 75% of world exchange; every one of these exchange streams dropped by over 20% from 2008Q2 to 2009Q2; many fell 30% or more. Figure 3 The extraordinary exchange breakdown, 2008 Q2 to 2009 Q2 Sources: WTO online database.Figure 4 shows that world exchange practically all item classes were sure in 2008Q2, practically all were negative in 2008Q4, and all where negative in 2009Q1. The classifications generally set apart by worldwide flexibly chains (Me chanical and electrical apparatus, Precision instruments, and Vehicles) saw probably the greatest drops, and point by point empirics in the section by Bems, Johnson and Yi finds that gracefully chains were hit more enthusiastically controlling for different elements. The diagram, be that as it may, shows that the falls were in no way, shape or form exceptional huge in these sectors.Figure 4 All kinds of products exchange crumbled at the same time Source: Comtrade database. Produces and wares Trade fallen no matter how you look at it, however it is essential to recognize items and makes. The breakdown in minerals and oil exchange began from a blast time and fell quicker than absolute exchange (Figure 5). The explanation was costs. Food, materials and particularly oil encountered a lofty run up in cost in mid 2008; the blast finished in mid 2008 †a long time before the September 2008 Lehman’s fiasco. The cost of makes, on the other hand, was somewhat consistent in this per iod (Figure 6).Figure 5 The extraordinary exchange breakdown and qualities: Food, oil, and makes Source: ITC online database. Since food, energizes, and crude materials make up about a fourth of worldwide exchange, these value developments bigly affected total exchange figures. Nations reliant on product sends out, specifically oil exporters, were among those that accomplished the best drop in sends out (see the parts Africa by Peter Draper and Gilberto Biacuana, and by Leonce Ndikumana and Tonia Kandiero, and on India by Rajiv Kumar and Dony Alex).The drop in makes exchange was likewise monstrous, yet it included for the most part amount decreases. Exporters spend significant time in sturdy products fabricates saw an especially sharp decrease in their fares (see sections on Japan by Ruyhei Wakasugi and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka). Mexico, which is both an oil exporter and a member in the US’s fabricating gracefully chain, experienced one of the world’s most extreme exchange d roops (see section by Ray Robertson). Figure 6 The incredible exchange breakdown and costs: Commodity versus makes Source: CPB online database. CausesThe incredible exchange breakdown was activated by †and helped spread †the worldwide monetary droop that has come to be called â€Å"The Great Recession. 1 As the left board of Figure 7 shows, the OECD countries slipped into downturn in this period, with the biggest bringing in business sectors †the US, EU and Japan (the G3) †seeing their GDP development plunge pretty much in synchronize. The US and Europe saw negative GDP development paces of 3 to 4%; Japan was hit far more regrettable. Figure 7 The present downturn, OECD countries and G3, 2007Q1 †2009Q2 Note: G3 is US, EU and Japan. Source: OECD online information base.Why did exchange fall far beyond GDP? Given the worldwide downturn, a drop in worldwide exchange is obvious. The inquiry is: Why was it so enormous? The section via Caroline Freund shows that during the four enormous, after war downturns (1975, 1982, 1991, and 2001) world exchange dropped 4. multiple times more than GDP (likewise observe Freund 2009). This time the drop was far, far bigger. From a verifiable point of view (Figure 8), the drop is surprising. The figure demonstrates the exchange to-GDP proportion rising steeply in the late 1990s, before deteriorating in the new century straight up to the incredible exchange breakdown 2008.The ascent during the 1990s is clarified by various elements including exchange advancement. A key driver, in any case, was the foundation of global gracefully chains (fabricating was geologically unbundled with different cuts of the worth included procedure being set in close by countries). This unbundling implied that a similar worth included crossed fringes a few times. In a basic global flexibly chain, imported parts would be changed into sent out segments which were thus gathered into definite merchandise and traded once more, so the exchange figures tallied the last worth included a few times.As we will see, the existences of these exceptionally coordinated and firmly synchronized creation systems assumes a significant job in the idea of the extraordinary exchange breakdown (see sections by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar). Figure 8 World exchange to world GDP proportion, 1980Q1 to 2009Q2 Source: World imports from OECD online information base; World GDP dependent on IMF information. Rising accord on the causes Economists around the globe have been endeavoring to comprehend the reasons for this surprisingly enormous and sudden shut down of worldwide trade.The dozen sections in Part II of this book sum up all the key research †its greater part done by the writers themselves. They don't all concur on all focuses, however an accord is developing. At the point when deals drop pointedly †and the extraordinary exchange breakdown was an imme nse drop in global deals †financial experts search for request stuns as well as flexibly stuns. The developing accord is that the incredible exchange breakdown was for the most part an interest stun †despite the fact that flexibly side variables assumed some job. The interest stun worked through two particular yet commonly strengthening channels: †¢Commodity costs †which tumbled when the rice bubble burst in mid 2008 †kept on following world interest in its descending winding. The value developments and decreased interest sent the worth and volume of wares exchange jumping. †¢The creation and fares of assembling fallen as the Lehman’s-incited sudden stunning exhibition made purchasers and firms sit back and watch; private interest for all way of ‘postpone-able’ utilization slammed. This subsequent point was significantly enhanced by the exceptionally specific nature of the interest stun that hit the world’s economy in Septembe r 2008. Why so enormous? This accord see, in any case, is incomplete.It brings up the issue: If the exchange drop was request driven, for what reason was the exchange drop such a great amount of bigger than the GDP drop? The appropriate response gave by the rising agreement is that the idea of the interest stun interfaced with â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† impacts to significantly overstate the development of the exchange to-GDP proportion. Compositional impact The compositional impact turns on the impossible to miss nature of the interest stun. The interest stun was extremely enormous, yet additionally centered around a limited scope of residential worth included exercises †the creation of â€Å"postponeable�

Case study in Biomedical Engineering Ethics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Biomedical Engineering Ethics - Case Study Example For the situation concentrate there is clear proof that in that advancement of the TEHVs Pedia Valve as a new business is reacting to biomedical designing commitments. They are utilizing their examination information, aptitudes and capacities towards upgrade of open government assistance as far as wellbeing and security. Considering the restrictions of the present hardware being used, for example, bioprosthetic valves and Cadaver homograft valves such requirement for rehashed future medical procedures just as characteristic dangers, the organization is endeavoring to build security for the patients. There are additionally the commitments as far as biomedical building and preparing. They are required to follow accessible rules in wording legitimate, administrative, look into and moral obligations. There is have to regard privileges of subjects, associates the science network and whole open. In settling on the decision between the two alternatives the organization has additionally thought about the topic of preparing particularly for the specialists and other clinical work force. To this end I think the organization has gone along essentially and acquired the fundamental FDA endorsements. There are different moral and expert contemplations pertinent to the contextual investigation of Pedia Valves which the organization has not disregarded. A significant moral issue for the situation concentrate as has consistently been with regards to utilizing present day innovation to offer life to patients is the subject of confidence. While Pedia Valve and other likeminded organizations attempt research and testing so as to imaginatively improve life, there consistently voices from the strict network particularly who think it is crafted by God to give life. There are additionally the moral issues of utilizing creatures and people as subjects for looking into and testing the innovation. The contention from adversaries has consistently been that the privileges of subjects are abused. In creation of the choice of whether to enter the market with the first or subsequent choice, there are significant issues of

The Aspects of Criminal Justice :: Crime Justice Criminals Essays

The Aspects of Criminal Justice There are various parts of criminal equity approach. One specifically is the various speculations of wrongdoing and how they influence the criminal equity framework. The Classical School of criminology is a hypothesis about developing from a death penalty sort of view to increasingly compassionate methods for rebuffing individuals. Positivist criminology is keeping up the control of human conduct and criminal conduct. They did this through three distinct classes of Biological investigations, which are five procedures of wrongdoing that were principally centered around natural speculations, Psychological hypotheses, which contains four separate hypotheses, and the Sociological hypotheses, which additionally incorporates four unique techniques for clarifying why wrongdoing exists. The last hypothesis is about Critical criminology. Their objective was to change society in a manner that would free and enable subordinate gatherings of people. The Classical School of criminology was established by European legitimate specialists that idea wrongdoing was brought about by extraordinary powers (DeKeseredy and Schwartz, 1996, p.155) going before the 1700's. The catchphrase The villain caused him to do it was extremely well known in light of the idea that individuals who perpetrated violations were miscreants or individuals who didn't follow God. The individuals who didn't follow God were known as apostates and this following prompted the association of chapel and state where torment or execution could transpire that the administration thought to be underhanded or a piece of black magic. Since the Middle Ages didn't have equivalent rights for all, ladies and the poor were normally the ones being arraigned. With the entirety of the issues of the occasions, the administration found and made substitutes out of these individuals, and accused them of the difficulties that were happening. As DeKeseredy and Schwartz (1996, p.156) expr essed, the most widely recognized method for deciding blame was through torment. It was a basic framework: on the off chance that you admitted, you were executed: is you didn't admit, the torment proceeded until you kicked the bucket. This arrangement of murdering individuals was an all around regarded method for running the criminal equity framework. As time passed, the disciplines got some distance from perpetrating torment on the body and turned more towards exacting agony on the spirit. This implied detainment of extensive stretches of time was going to occur of executions. A significant scholar in the Classical School of thought is Cesare Beccarria. He was an unobtrusive man who composed a paper approached Crimes and Punishment.

The Difference Between GAD and Social Anxiety Disorder

The Difference Between GAD and Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Difference Between GAD and Social Anxiety Disorder Distinguishing Between Common Types of Anxiety Disorders By Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD twitter linkedin Deborah Glasofer, PhD is a professor of clinical psychology and practitioner of cognitive behavioral therapy. Learn about our editorial policy Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 22, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Rosanna U/Getty images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Shared Features Differences in Thinking Behavioral Differences Developmental Issues Co-occurring Conditions View All Though several changes were made in the classification of anxiety disorders with the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-5 for short), social anxiety disorder  (SAD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) continue to coexist within the same diagnostic category. Yet, even though they share some features, GAD and SAD (sometimes called social phobia) are distinct problems. Shared Features Both GAD and SAD are characterized by persistent anxiety that is excessive or disproportionate to an actual threat.?? What is meant by threat, however, differs between the two. People with social anxiety disorder sometimes experience physical symptoms associated with their anxiety, as do those with GAD. Biased thinkingâ€"in many cases catastrophizing  (imagining worst-case scenarios)â€"is central to both types of anxiety disorders as well. GAD and SAD may also occur together, and having either of these conditions increases the likelihood that a person may experience depression or other anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Differences in Thinking Though the types of thought traps can be similar, it is the thought content that distinguishes GAD from social anxiety disorder. People with GAD tend to worry about a range of topics.?? Worries may be about major life issuesâ€"such as health or financesâ€"but they are also about many minor, day-to-day stresses that others would tend not to perceive as intensely. Social worries are not uncommon in those with GAD, however, their focus tends to be about ongoing relationships rather than on fear of evaluation. For example, a young man with GAD may worry uncontrollably about the implications of a fight with his girlfriend. A mother with GAD may be overly concerned with whether or not she made the right decision to have her child switch schools and if her daughter will have a smooth transition. People with social anxiety disorder, on the other hand, tend to worry about meeting new people, being observed, and performing in front of others (for example, speaking up in class or playing an instrument in a band.)?? Their thought content typically centers on negative evaluation and possibly rejection. For example, a man with social anxiety disorder may have difficulty starting a conversation at a work happy hour for fear that he will appear anxious, say something stupid, and be ridiculed by his colleagues. A single woman with social anxiety disorder may avoid dating altogether because of anxiety about humiliating or embarrassing herself on a date. A common thread here, again, is a pathological degree of worry that is impacting the individual’s ability to develop or maintain relationships, fulfill basic obligations, and meet his or her personal and professional potential.?? GAD Worry about major life issues as well as minor, day-to-day stresses The average age of onset is 31 SAD Worry about meeting people, being observed, performing in front of others The average age of onset is 13 Differences in Behavior Given that the other components of the anxiety cycleâ€"emotions and thoughtsâ€"overlap, it follows that the behavioral differences between GAD and social anxiety disorder are subtle. Both conditions are characterized by a high degree of avoidance, but the reason underlying the avoidance is likely to be different.?? Let’s say that a man calls in sick on the day of a presentation at work. If this man has GAD, he might be avoiding the meeting out of fear that he has not put enough effort into preparing his talk and he that he will never finish it in time. If this man has social anxiety disorder, he might be avoiding the meeting out of concern that no one will like his ideas or that others might notice if he sweats while he talks. Coping With Social Anxiety When You Have a Work Meeting Developmental Issues The average age of onset is later for GAD than social anxiety disorder, age 31 for the former and age 13 for the latter.?? That said, those with GAD often have symptoms long before they seek treatment. The stressors of adolescence and early adulthood, when people are typically experiencing many social transitions (for example, schools, friendships, or romantic relationships), may exacerbate social anxiety symptoms. The responsibilities of adulthood (for example, finances, parenting, or career decisions) can amplify GAD symptoms. In older individuals, the content of worry and associated behaviors may change slightly. For example, older people with social anxiety disorder may experience anxiety and embarrassment about appearance or an impairment (for example, poor hearing or tremulous movements) that leads them to avoid or severely minimize social interactions. The presentation of GAD in older adults (the most common of the anxiety disorders in this age group) is typified by expression of physical symptoms  more readily than psychological symptoms.?? Later in life, people with GAD are more apt to experience uncontrollable worry about the health of family members or their own well-being. How Anxiety Disorders Can Still Develop in Older Adults Do These Problems Co-Occur? It is not uncommon for individuals with GAD to meet criteria for another psychiatric diagnosis in the course of their lifetime, or even simultaneously. The most commonly co-occurring problem is  depression. The Link Between Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression However, a substantial subset of individuals struggles with co-occurring GAD and social anxiety disorder. GAD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  also commonly occur together.?? Fortunately, the treatments for GAD and social anxiety disorder overlap. Many  medications  are helpful for both problems.  Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy  is the first-line psychotherapy for these conditions. This type of treatment helps the individual to address biases in thinking and to eliminate as much avoidant behavior as possible. A Word From Verywell While GAD and SAD share the symptom of anxiety, they differ in the thought content associated with that anxiety as well as the reasons underlying behaviors caused by the disorder. Both conditions can significantly reduce the quality of life, and its important for people with these conditions to seek out treatment. Both psychotherapy and medications can reduce uncomfortable symptoms and allow people to live their lives as fully as possible.

The SAT

It's cold out here. Colder than it looked when I was sitting in the car, concentrating on regulating my breathing. In †¦ hold †¦ out slowly †¦ hold again. I was making believe that this is just another of the countless tests I've taken. It isn't. It's the key to my future, and more than that, it's a rite of passage. And, like all rites, it is painful. I follow the back of an unknown boy into the school, my breathing now only interrupted by the sound of my feet, too loud in this strange place. Standing in the courtyard are perhaps 300 high-schoolers, white, well-fed, moving about in small aimless patterns. I stand next to a girl with a kind face who doesn't look too obviously threatening. She says nothing and neither do I. It is too cold and too quiet in the waking morning to speak. A voice echoes above the strangely silent crowd, directing us to our rooms. I file upstairs along with the other versions of me, all of us scared, all of us heading to our own endings. The world of our childhood has betrayed each and every one of us, tossed us out into a larger, less friendly universe. The courtyard and stairs grow empty, and the memory of footsteps fades from the inner halls. I pause for a moment outside my assigned room, then enter. It's deathly quiet, but more than that, it is charged with a sense of anticipation and challenge. For the first time in my life I taste the possibility of my inferiority. I slide into a seat and place in delicate order on the desk: a calculator, two pencils, and my driver's permit. When I glance around the room, I notice that there is either a permit or a school ID on every desk. Not one of us has a driver's license. The proctor has a solid, commanding air, and guides us through all the necessary formalities quickly and with no wasted effort. Obediently, I define myself for her, squeezing in the letters of my name, bubbling the story of my life into distinct and separate sections. It is a soothing ritual, worn slick by practice, and I barely stop to consider how eerily my hand slides itself down the paper. When the proctor tells us to start, I take a minute of precious time to stare at the essay question. It is down to this. Me and the test, and only one of us will win. I pick up my pencil, enjoying its familiar weight in my hand, and lightly, quickly, in small rounded serious letters, begin to write.